| Year |
Roman History |
Art & Literature |
Cicero |
| 133 |
Ti. Gracchus Tribune, killed by P. Scipio Nasica
Scipio Aemilianus captures Numantia
L. Calpurnius Piso consul |
129 death of Scipio Aemilianus, dramatic setting of Cicero's De re publica |
|
| 121 |
C. Gracchus killed by L. Opimius, consul.
First use of senatus consultum ultimum |
Temple of Concord restored
Basilica Opimia
120 Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste |
|
| 113 |
Cimbri defeat Cn. Carbo and enter Gaul |
114 Birth of Hortensius |
|
| 112 |
Jugurtha murders Adherbal. Romans declare war on him. |
|
|
| 107 |
Marius consul I. Takes command in Numidia |
109 Birth of Atticus |
|
| 106 |
Sulla, quaestor to Marius, arranges betrayal of Jugurtha
Birth of Pompey |
|
Birth of Cicero at Arpinum |
| 105 |
Cimbri destroy two Roman armies at Arausio in Gaul |
|
|
| 104-01 |
Marius consul II-V
102 Defeats Teutoni at Aquae Sextiae
101 defeats Cimbri at Vercellae |
103 Death of Lucilius
102 Caesar born
Poet Archias comes to Rome
Marius dedicates new Temple of Honos et Virtus |
104 Brother Quintus born |
| 100 |
Marius consul VI. L. Apuleius Saturninus (Tribune II) and C. Servilius Glaucia killed in riot |
100 Curia Hostilia roof destroyed stoning Saturninus
99 Birth of Lucretius |
|
| 91-89 |
Social War ends with Lex Julia in 90, giving citizenship to all who had not revolted, and Lex Plautia Papiria in 89 to those who surrender. |
|
91 or 90 assumes toga virilis, introduced to Q. Mucius Scaevola augur
89-88 On the staffs of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo and Sulla |
| 88 |
Sulla consul
Mithridates invades Asia, kills Romans
P. Sulpicius Rufus tribune, killed
Sulla invades Rome, Marius flees into exile |
|
88-82 education at Rome in rhetoric and law under Q. Mucius Scaevola Pontifex Maximus |
| 87 |
Cinna consul, driven out by Octavius, saved by Marius' return
Marian pillage of Rome
Mithridates invades Athens |
|
|
| 86 |
Marius consul VII, Cinna consul II
Marius dies Jan. 13
L. Valerius Flaccus consul suffectus given Mithridates command |
Sallust born (86-34) |
|
| 84 |
Cinna consul IV, Cn. Carbo, consul II
Cinna killed at Ancona
Sulla makes peace w/ Mithridates |
|
|
| 83 |
Sulla lands at Brindisium, joined by Pompey. |
Damasippus kills the jurist and pontifex maximus Q. Mucius Scaevola,
and the orator Antistius
Capitoline Temple of Jupiter burns |
|
| 82 |
Marius jr. consul, Carbo consul III
Sulla defeats Samnites at the Colline Gate (Nov. 1)
Marius dies at Praeneste, Ludi Victoriae declared
Sulla made dictator by lex Valeria
83-82 II Mithridatic War |
|
|
| 81 |
Triumph of Sulla (Jan. 27)
Proscriptions regulated by Lex Cornelia to end June 1 |
80 Rostra
Sulla enlarges Curia Hostilia, extends Pomerium, paves Clivus
Capitolinus, Clivus Palatinus, Lacus Curtius |
81 Pro Quinctio
80 Pro Roscio Amerino |
| 79 |
Sulla retires. Dies early 78 |
78 TabulariumBasilica Aemilia decorated & restored |
79 Leaves for Athens to study with Antiochus of Ascalon
79-78 Tour of Asia Minor, studies with Molon of Rhodes |
| 70's |
76-71 Pompey battles Sertorius
74-63 III Mithridatic War
73-71 Uprising of Spartacus |
76 Embassy of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis dispatched to Erythrae to obtain a
new copy of the Sibylline oracles (burned in the Capitol in 83) first given by the Cumaean
Sibyl to Tarquinius Superbus |
77 (?) Marries Terentia, Pro Roscio Comoedo(?)
75 (Junior) Quaestor in Lilybaeum, Sicily; rediscovers tomb of Archimedes |
| 70 |
Triumphs and Consulship of Crassus and Pompey, tribunate restored |
Birth of Vergil (70-19BC) |
In Verrem
divinatio in Caecilium
69 Curule Aedile
Pro A. Caecina
Pro M. Fonteio
Pro M. Tullio |
| 67-62 |
67 Lex Gabinia gives Pompey command of the seas vs. pirates
66-62 Lex Manilia gives Pompey unlimited imperium vs. Mithridates
65 Caesar Curule Aedile, games bankrolled by Crassus, censor |
|
66 Praetor
Pro lege Manilia (De imperio Pompei)
Pro Cluentio
65 Son Marcus born |
| 63 |
Cicero consul. Catilinarian Conspiracy and senatus consultum ultimum
Caear elected Pontifex Maximus
Birth of Octavian (63BC-14AD) |
|
Consul
Contra Rullum
De lege agraria
In CatillinamI-IV
Pro Rabirio perduellionis
Pro Murena |
| 62 |
Jan. defeat and death of Catiline
Caesar Praetor
Clodius profanes Bona Dea senatus consultum ultimum
Return of Pompey |
Pons Fabricius built, Pons Cestius started (62-27) |
Pro Sulla
Pro Archia
Testifies against Clodius in Bona Dea trial; buys house of Marcus Crassus |
| 61 |
Triumph of Pompey
Caesar pro-praetorian gov. of Farther Spain
Clodius acquitted of sacrilege |
|
|
| 60 |
Senate refuses to ratify acta of Pompey
First triumvirate arranged
Caesar wins election for consul |
|
|
| 59 |
Caesar consul I
Settlement of Pompey's veterans in ager Campanus
Caesar pays off Crassus by letting publicani keep 1/3 of contracted $$ for Asia
Lex Vatinia gives Caesar Gaul for five years
Clodius' transitio ad plebem
Bibulus, consul, "watching the skies" |
|
Pro Flacco |
| 58 |
Piso and Gabinius cos.
Clodius tribune, reinstates collegia, makes corn subsidy a dole
Sends M. Cato to annex Cyprus; exiles Cicero
Assigns consular provinces: Piso to Macedonia, Gabinius to Syria
Caesar defeats Helvetii and Ariovistus |
|
Exiled, goes to N. Greece
Tullia's first husband C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi dies while Quaestor in Macedonia |
| 57 |
57-51 Rioting in Rome between Clodius and Milo
57 Pompey aids recall of Cicero from exile (Sept. 4)
Cicero supports cura annonae for Pompey for five years, proconsular imperium vs. pirates
Caesar subdues Belgae |
Catullus on staff of Memmius, governor of Bithynia |
Return from exile (Sept. 4)
De domo sua
Post reditum ad Quirites
Post reditum ad senatum |
| 56 |
Conference at Luca |
|
Pro Sestio
In Vatinium
Pro Caelio
De pronvinciis consularibus
Pro Balbo
De haruspicum responsis |
| 55 |
Pompey and Crassus, cos. II
Pompey's province to be Spain, Crassus' Syria
Caesar's Gallic command renewed for five years, crosses Rhine,
first expedition to Britain |
Lucretius dies
Dedication of Theatre of Pompey, porticus, and shrines to Venus Victrix,
Honos et Virtus, Felicitas |
Cicero editor of De rerum natura
In Pisonem
De Oratore (Nov.) |
| 54 |
Crassus in Jerusalem
Death of Julia, wife of Pompey
Caesar's second expedition to Britain |
Catullus (84-54) dies
Basilica Julia begun |
Pro C. Rabirio Postumo
Pro Plancio
begins De re publica |
| 53 |
Interregnum
Defeat at Carrhae (June 9) and death of Crassus
Caesar's second crossing of the Rhine |
|
Frees Tiro, his secretary & editor of his letters |
| 52 |
Jan. 18 Milo kills Clodius
Sallust tribune, opposes Cicero and Milo
Interregnum until Feb. Pompey consul III without a colleague
Milo condemned de vi
Vercingetorix in Gaul, capture of Alesia
Caesar allowed to stand for consular election in absentia |
Funeral of Clodius burns Curia Hostilia, restoration begun by Faustus,
Sulla's son and Pompey's son-in-law
Decoration of Venus Victrix
Comitium paved
Basilica Porcia burns |
Pro Milone
begins De legibus |
| 51 |
Caesar completes conquest of Gaul |
Forum Julium begun
Posidonius in Rome |
Pro-consular governor of Cilicia
De re publica
De legibus |
| 50 |
Wrangling between Senate and tribunes over the command of Caesar |
Death of Hortensius |
Tullia marries her 3rd husband, P. Cornelius Dolabella. |
| 49 |
Jan. 7 Senate deprives Caesar of command, passes senatus consultum ultimum.
Caesar crosses the Rubicon
Pompey departs for Greece (Mar. 17)
Caesar defeats Pompeians in Spain and Massilia
Dictator I for 11 days, elected consul |
49-44 Caesar extends the pomerium, paves the Forum and Comitium, redesigns Rostra
(completed 42), and Lacus Curtius |
|
| 48 |
Caesar crosses to Greece, Battle of Pharsalia (Aug. 9)
Pompey flees to Egypt and is beheaded
Caesar in Alexandria, Dictator II w/ tribunicia potestas |
Temple of Venus Genetrix vowed
Temple of Isis and Serapis ordered destroyed by Senate |
|
| 47 |
Caesar defeats Pharnaces (veni vidi vici) at Zela, returns to Rome in Sept. |
Bellum Alexandrinum ends Mar. 27 |
Cicero divorces Terentia |
| 46 |
Caesar in Lilybaeum in Jan.
Battle of Thapsus in N. Africa, death of Cato at Utica
Quadruple triumph of Caesar |
Caesar introduces Egyptian calendar, year has 15 months
Dedicates Forum Julium, Temple of Venus Genetrix, Basilica Julia |
Marries and divorces Publilia
Pro Marcello
Pro Ligario
Brutus
Orator
Paradoxa Stoicorum
De optimo genere oratorum |
| 45 |
Defeat of Pompeians at Munda (Mar. 17), returns to Rome in Oct. |
Sallust proconsular governor of Numidia and Africa; suddenly very wealthy. |
Tullia dies.
Hortensius
Academica (Catulus, Lucullus)
De finibus
Tusculan Disputations
Pro rege Deiotaro |
| 44 |
Caesar assassinated (Mar. 15)
Amnesty for the tyrannicides passed by Cicero (Mar. 17)
Caesar's will read and acta approved by Antony
C. Octavius comes to Rome to claim inheritance
Antony besieges Decimus Brutus at Mutina |
Plans begun for Curia Julia
44-40 Sallust composes Coniuratio Catilinae and Bellum Jugurthinum |
De natura deorum
Cato Maior (De senectute)
Laelius (De amicitia)
De officiis
De divinatione
De fato
Topica
Philippics I-IV |
| 43 |
Octavian given pro-praetorian command with cos.
Hirtius and Pansa against Antony at Mutina; consuls die
Brutus in Macedonia, Cassius in Syria
Octavian made consul suffectus Aug. 19 w/ Q. Pedius
Decimus Brutus killed
2nd Triumvirate formed Nov. 27 between Octavian, Antony and Lepidus; proscriptions. |
Birth of Ovid |
Philippics V-XIV
Cicero and his son receive word at the Villa in Tusculum that they are proscribed, attempt to
flee (in very confused and indecisive manner) to M. Brutus in Greece.
Death, Dec. 7, hands and head nailed to the rostra |
